Scintillating Citation

Ahhh citation! How I do loathe and love thee. Citation for me was the hardest skill to master, because it requires an attention to detail that the flow of the pen does not comprehend. But citation is one of the most important aspects of your paper. A case in point, my freshman year the assignment was to pick a controversial topic and argue a stance. So I chose gay marriage (everyone has a right to be miserable, right?) and in my essay I used a direct quote from a friend who was gay and described her coming out story. Well, I forgot to put it in quotation marks, so it pretty much looked like MY coming out story (love the ladies, but not in that way), and the teacher put a comment next to it that read, "A little personal?" you could imagine my embarrassment. Another time I had an A paper that I did not cite correctly. Thankfully my professor was understanding and allowed me to do it over, whereas improper citation is grounds for automatic failure. At the beginning of every semester on ever syllabus a professor is required to explain the Plagiarism guidelines. I think that most of the time, plagiarism occurs because of improper citation. So let's begin!

Here are a few tips for Citation:
1.) The list is always on a separate page from the essay and labeled References (APA), Bibliography (Chicago), or Works Cited (MLA),
2.) Double space everything, including a double, double spacing in between each citation.
3.) Times New Roman 12pt font.
4.) Indent the second line and all following lines. The first line stays at the margin.
5.) There is no spacing between the information, only punctuation.
6.) Use as much information as possible, if there is no volume number or author (for example) then skip to the next information provided. Always try and research if you could find what is missing. Use either Google Books or Amazon to find any publishing information.

These are the most common forms of citation along with examples of formatting:
*Note- A professor's preference takes precedence over any of these styles. These styles are merely a guide, but if a professor has a specific format or citation request ALWAYS follow that first.

1.) MLA- (Modern Language Association) This is the fail-safe citation. Endless specified to use APA, MLA is the way to go. The most common disciplines to use this form are the Liberal Arts classes. A great resource is the English department's Standards and Styles Guide: http://www.newpaltz.edu/english/. The guide will open up as a PDF file, click on pages 29-32 and there will be a full guide with examples on how to do MLA.  Also, check this out at Marist.edu (compiled by Long Island University): http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citmla.htm

Journal Article

[Hardcopy]

Devine, Patricia G., and Steven J. Sherman. "Intuitive Versus Rational

Judgment and the Role of Stereotyping in the Human Condition:

Kirk or Spock?" Psychological Inquiry 3.2 (1992): 153-59. Print.

[From a Website]

Hodges, F. M. "The Promised Planet: Alliances and Struggles of the

Gerontocracy in American Television Science Fiction of the 1960s."

Aging Male 6.3 (2003): 175-82. Web. 18 Feb. 2010.

[From a Database]

Roberts, Robin. "Performing Science Fiction: Television, Theater, and

Gender in Star Trek: The Experience." Extrapolation 42.4 (2001):

340-56. Literature Resource Center. Web. 25 Feb. 2010.

Newspaper Article
[See examples under "Journal Article" to add the information for the website and database versions of a printed article]

Di Rado, Alicia. "Trekking through College: Classes Explore Modern Society Using the World of Star Trek." Los Angeles Times 15 Mar.

1995: A3+. Print.

[Specialized article: Movie review - the review information can be replaced with Editorial, Letter, etc.]

Dargis, Manohla. "Kids in Space." Rev. of Star Trek, dir. J. J. Abrams.

New York Times 8 May 2009, sec. C: 1+. Print.

[Material available only on the website and not in the print version]

Lyall, Sarah. "To Boldly Go Where Shakespeare Calls." New York

Times. New York Times, 27 Jan. 2008. Web. 25 Feb. 2010.

Magazine Article
[See examples under "Journal Article" to add the information for the website and database versions of a printed article]
[See examples under "Newspaper Article" for specialized articles and web-only material]

Mershon, Donald H. "Star Trek on the Brain: Alien Minds, Human

Minds." American Scientist Nov.-Dec. 1998: 585. Print.

Book

[Hardcopy]

Okuda, Michael, and Denise Okuda. Star Trek Chronology: The History

of the Future. New York: Pocket, 1993. Print.

[No author or editor]

Vulcan Reflections: Essays on Spock and His World. Baltimore: T-K

Graphics, 1975. Print.

[From a Database or Website]

Anijar, Karen. Teaching Toward the 24th Century : Star Trek as Social

Curriculum. New York: Falmer-Taylor, 2000. Ebrary. Web. 1 Mar.

2010.

Book Article or Chapter

James, Nancy E. "Two Sides of Paradise: The Eden Myth According to Kirk and Spock." Spectrum of the Fantastic. Ed. Donald Palumbo.
Westport: Greenwood, 1988. 219-23. Print.

Encyclopedia Article

[Widely used general reference books - Hardcopy]

Sturgeon, Theodore. "Science Fiction." The Encyclopedia Americana.

International ed. 1995. Print.

[Specialized reference books - from a Database]

Barr, Marleen S. "Science Fiction." New Dictionary of the History of

Ideas. Ed. Maryanne Cline Horowitz. Vol. 5. Detroit: Scribner's, 2005.

Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 1 Mar. 2010.

Gale Reference Book (and Literature Criticism Online database)

[For books featuring reprinted articles. This shows a magazine article. Use the journal, newspaper, or book article styles as needed.]

Shayon, Robert Lewis. "The Interplanetary Spock." Saturday Review

17 June 1967: 46. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed.

Sharon R. Gunton. Vol. 17. Detroit: Gale, 1981. 403. Literature

Criticism Online. Web. 1 Mar. 2010.

Websites

Epsicokhan, Jamahl. "Confessions of a Closet Trekkie." Jammer's

Reviews. N.p., 20 Feb. 2004. Web. 15 Mar. 2010.

[Page with a corporate author]

United States. Natl. Aeronautics and Space Administration. Jet

Propulsion Laboratory. "Mission Could Seek out Spock's Home

Planet." PlanetQuest: Exoplanet Exploration. NASA, 10 May 2007.

Web. 15 Mar. 2010.

[Page with no author]

"The Roddenberry Legacy of Human Potential: If Only, If Only." Star

Trek Official Site. CBS Studios, 24 Oct. 2007. Web. 15 Mar. 2010.

Blog

Zompist. "Star Wars: Hope Not So New Anymore." Zompist's E-Z Rant

Page. WordPress.com, 30 Sept. 2009. Web. 16 Mar. 2010.

[Comment posted on a blog or web page]

Rachael. "Re: Confessions of a Closet Trekkie." Reply to Jamahl

Epsicokhan. Jammer's Reviews. N.p., 5 Aug. 2009. Web. 25 Mar.

2010.

Wiki

"Cultural Influence of Star Trek." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.

Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2010.

Internet Video

Crusade2267. "For The Uniform: One Fan's Obsession with Star Trek,

Part 1." The Warped Mind of a Crazy Trekkie: Crusade2267's

Channel. YouTube, 2 Nov. 2006. Web. 16 Mar. 2010.

Schnell, Jason, dir. "Twilight Fan: Harry Potter vs. Twilight." Reckless

Tortuga's Channel. YouTube, 8 June 2009. Web. 16 Mar. 2010.

[Clip from a movie]

"Star Trek 2009 Deleted Scene with Nero and Klingons." Dir. J. J.

Abrams. Paramount, 2009. On Screen: Finalfrontier1701's Channel.

YouTube. Web. 24 Mar. 2010.

PowerPoint Presentation (and other digital files such as Word documents, PDF, etc.)

Oard, Douglas W. "Bringing Star Trek to Life: Computers That Speak

and Listen." U of Maryland. Coll. of Information Studies, 3 Apr. 2001.

TerpConnect. U of Maryland. Office of Information Technology.

Microsoft PowerPoint file. 21 Mar. 2010.

ERIC Document

Fuss-Reineck, Marilyn. Sibling Communication in Star Trek: The Next

Generation: Conflicts between Brothers. Miami: Speech

Communication Assn., 1993. ERIC. Web. 15 Mar. 2010.

In-Text-

The sources that you use should be cited in the text of your paper, either in a parentheses or as part of the text itself:

During the turbulent 1960s, science fiction programs on television reflected the public's attitudes toward the older generation (Hodges 179). Hodges discussed how, during the turbulent 1960s, science fiction programs on television reflected the public's attitudes toward the older generation (179).

Put the parentheses before a period, semicolon, or comma in order to avoid disrupting the flow of the sentence. If you are referring to the entire source in a general way, you may leave out the page numbers: (Devine and Sherman 156-57)

2.) APA- (American Psychological Association) I have had the pleasure of APA style while completing my Psychology minor. For me, APA is the most difficult, because I rarely use it. Like MLA though, it becomes a second nature. APA style is in a class all of it's own. There is a title page, plus you have to have the title on every single page that follows, sheesh! Here is the resource that I used for an APA guide: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/.
Marist.edu (compilated by Long Island University)- http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citapa.htm

Journal Article: paginated by issue, online and hardcopy [See the discussion of DOI in the notes below]

Devine, P. G., & Sherman, S. J. (1992). Intuitive versus rational

judgment and the role of stereotyping in the human condition: Kirk

or Spock? Psychological Inquiry, 3(2), 153-159. doi:10.1207

/s15327965pli0302_13

Journal Article: paginated by volume, from a database or website without a DOI [See the discussion of DOI in the notes below]

Hodges, F. M. (2003). The promised planet: Alliances and struggles of

the gerontocracy in American television science fiction of the 1960s.

The Aging Male, 6, 175-182. Retrieved from http://www.informaworld

.com/TheAgingMale

Magazine Article

Mershon, D. H. (1998, November/December). Star trek on the brain:

Alien minds, human minds. American Scientist, 86(6), 585.

Newspaper Article

Di Rado, A. (1995, March 15). Trekking through college: Classes

explore modern society using the world of Star trek. Los Angeles

Times, pp. A3, A20-A22.

[Newspaper website that does not include page numbers. The square brackets show that this is a review.]
Ebert, R. (2009, May 6). [Review of the motion picture Star trek,

produced by Paramount, 2009]. Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved from

http://rogerebert.suntimes.com

Books

Okuda, M., & Okuda, D. (1993). Star trek chronology: The history

of the future. New York, NY: Pocket Books.

[Book with no author; see notes]
Star trek: Four generations of stars, stories, and strange new worlds.

(1995). Radnor, PA: News America Publications.

Book Article or Chapter

James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according

to Kirk and Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic

(pp. 219-223). Westport, CT: Greenwood.

Encyclopedia Article

Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In L. T. Lorimer et al. (Eds.), The

encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.

ERIC Document

Fuss-Reineck, M. (1993). Sibling communication in Star trek: The next

generation: Conflicts between brothers. Retrieved from ERIC

database. (ED364932)

Websites: [see notes below]

Epsicokhan, J. (2004, February 20). Confessions of a closet trekkie.

Retrieved October 12, 2009, from Jammer's Reviews website:

http://www.jammersreviews.com/articles/confessions.php

[Page with a corporate author and the name of the website is the same as the name of the author.]
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (2009, May 28). NASA

astronaut watches new Star trek movie in space. Retrieved from

http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/behindscenes/star_trek

.html

[Page with a corporate author and the name of the website is different from the name of the author.]
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Jet Propulsion

Laboratory. (2007, May 10). Mission could seek out Spock's home

planet. Retrieved from PlanetQuest: Exoplanet Exploration website:

http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/news/planetVulcan.cfm

[Page with a no author.]
The Roddenberry legacy of human potential: If only, if only. (2007,

October 24). Retrieved January 7, 2009, from Star Trek Official Site

website: http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/news/editorials

/article/2310913.html

Wiki

Star trek planet classifications. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved January 7,

2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek_planet

_classifications

Blog

Zompist. (2009, September 30). Star wars: Hope not so new anymore

[Web log message]. Retrieved from http://zompist.wordpress.com

/2009/09/30/star-wars-hope-not-so-new-anymore/

Internet Video

Crusade2267. (2006, November 02). For the uniform: One fan's

obsession with Star trek, part 1 [Video file]. Retrieved from http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul5q4PTME-M

PowerPoint Presentation

Oard, D. W. (2001). Bringing Star trek to life: Computers that speak and

listen [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from University of Maryland

TerpConnect website: http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~oard/papers

/cpsp118t.ppt

In-text:

During the turbulent 1960s, science fiction programs on television reflected the public's attitudes toward the older generation (Hodges, 2000). Hodges (2000) discussed how, during the turbulent 1960s, science fiction programs on television reflected the public's attitudes toward the older generation. In a 2000 article, Hodges discussed how, during the turbulent 1960s, science fiction programs on television reflected the public's attitudes toward the older generation.

 

The references above refer to the entire source in a general way. If you are referring to a specific part of the source - or quoting exactly - include the specific page number(s) of that part: (Hodges, 2000, p. 179)

3.) Chicago Style- This style is most often used in history and economics classes. You will know this style immediately because of the footnote in-text citations, rather than the parenthesis at the end of the sentence. I recently learned this style while working for an economics class, and the best guide to Chicago style is on the Marist College website. Here is the overall guide to follow, along with some examples below: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html
Citation Examples (from the Marist.edu website)

Book

Okuda, Michael, and Denise Okuda. 1993. Star trek chronology: The history of the future. New York: Pocket Books. Journal Article

Wilcox, Rhonda V. 1991. Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star trek: The next generation. Studies in Popular Culture 13 (2): 53-65.Magazine Article
Do not include the page numbers in the reference list. Cite the specific pages in the parenthetical
reference. (section 17.183)

Smith, Jane. 1996. There is no resisting the Borg queen. Maclean's, December 2. Newspaper Article
Do not include the page numbers in the reference list or the parenthetical reference. If the
newspaper has several editions, include that information as shown under the next item.
(section 17.188).

Di Rado, Alicia. 1995. Trekking through college: Classes explore modern society using the world of Star trek. Los Angeles Times, March 15, sec. A. Newspaper Article - No Author (section 17.192)
Do not follow this format for other items without an author. See notes below.

Newsday. 2003. Activision suing over Star trek. July 2, Queens edition, sec. A. Encyclopedia Article

Well known, alphabetically arranged reference books used as sources are not included
in the reference list but are cited in the text (section 17.238). Examples:

• In his article on science fiction in the 1995 edition of the Encyclopedia Americana, Theodore Sturgeon says that the
  phrase, science fiction, was created by Hugo Gernsback.
  
  
• Theodore Sturgeon says that the phrase, science fiction, was created by Hugo Gernsback (Encyclopedia Americana, 1995 ed.,
  s.v. "Science fiction.").
• Articles from less well known reference books can be treated as a Book Article or Chapter

Book Article or Chapter (sections 17.68-17.70)
For multivolume books, include the volume number before the page number (ex. 3:26-27)
(section 17.87).

James, Nancy E. 1988. Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to Kirk and Spock. Spectrum of the fantastic, ed. Donald Palumbo, 219-223. Wesport, CT: Greenwood.
Website (section 17.237)

Lynch, Tim. 1996. Review of DS9 trials and tribble-ations. Psi Phi: Bradley's Science Fiction Club.
http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.html (accessed October 8, 1997).
   **Note: There are many citation websites out there that if you put the information in, it will generate the citation. DO NOT TRUST THESE GENERATORS! 99% of the time they are wrong. Think of it as when you use a translator and you go from on language to another. Then when you try to use the phrase, the person is looking at you like you have a strait jacket on. That is how these generators are. Don't be lazy and once you cite enough times, it becomes second nature.